6.7 Mutations
Alterations in a DNA sequence can lead to changes in the type or amount of the protein produced and the consequent phenotype. DNA mutations can be positive, negative, or neutral based on the effect or the lack of effect they have on the resulting nucleic acid or protein and the phenotypes that are conferred by the protein.
To Think About:
What is a mutation? What are the various gene mutations? What effect do mutations have on nucleic acids or proteins and phenotypes? How does a DNA mutation occur? How do errors during mitosis or meiosis result in changes in the phenotype of a cell or organism? What determines whether a mutation is detrimental, beneficial, or neutral? How are changes in genotype subject to natural selection? What are horizontal acquisitions of genetic information? What reproduction processes increase genetic variation? How are changes in genotype subject to natural selection? What are horizontal acquisitions of genetic information? What reproduction processes increase genetic variation?
Watch: AP Daily Video One Mutations
Answer the Following Questions:
- What is a mutation?
- What determines whether a mutation is advantageous or disadvantageous or neutral?
- _______________ in genes or gene products can result in new _______________
- Using what you know about the genetic code, explain why some mutations do NOT result in a change to the protein.
- How are the effects of substitution mutations different from the effects of deletion or insertion mutations?
- STOP Pause the video at 6:46 and explain why the mutation described in that question still results in black spots.
Watch: AP Daily Video Two Mutations
Answer the Following Questions:
- List four causes of random mutations:
- Mutations are the primary source of ________________ _____________________
- Errors in mitosis or meiosis can result in changes in the number of chromosomes and changes in ________________
- What is triploidy? Give one possible result of triploidy
- What is polyploidy?
- What is the cause of gametes with missing or extra chromosomes? Give two specific examples of this that are sometimes found in humans.
- Describe at least one example of the effect of polyploidy in plants
Watch: AP Daily Video Three Mutations
Answer the Following Questions:
- What is natural selection?
- The transfer of genetic information between genomes or unrelated organisms is called _____________________ _______________________.
- Horizontal transfer occurs primarily in __________________
- List the four types of horizontal gene transfer below:
- Define transformation/ What is the source of the DNA taken in through transformation?
- What is transduction?
- Describe how conjugation works.
- What is transposition?
- Explain how viruses can combine their genetic information.
- What are some ways reproduction can increase genetic variation? (three ways)
Supplementary Resources:
- Bozeman Science: Mr. Andersen’s “Genotype and Phenotype” video
- Understanding Evolution: Types of Mutation
