AP Biology
AP生物是美国大学理事会提供的高中课程，旨在帮助学生掌握大学水平的生物学知识。课程内容涵盖四大主题：进化、细胞过程（包括能量和通讯）、遗传和信息传递、以及生物系统的相互作用。AP生物学强调实验和数据分析，培养学生的科学思维能力。学生在完成课程后可以参加AP考试，如果成绩优异，可以在大学获得学分或高级课程资格。 AP Biology (Advanced Placement Biology) is a high school course offered by the College Board in the United States, designed to help students master college-level biology knowledge. The course covers four main themes - Evolution, Cellular processes (including energy and communication), Genetics and Information transfer, and interactions of biological systems. AP Biology emphasizes experiments and data analysis, fostering students’ scientific thinking skills. Upon completing the course, students can take the AP exam, and high scores may earn them college credit or advanced placement.
8.7 Discruptions of Ecosystems
The long-term objective of restoration is to return an ecosystem as much as possible to...
8.6 Biodiversity
Biodiversity can be considered at three main levels: Genetic diversity, Species diversity, Ecosystem diversity.
8.5 Community Ecology
A biological community is an assemblage of populations of various species living close enough for...
8.4 Effect of Density of Populations
A birth rate or death rate that does not change with population density is density...
8.3 Population Ecology
Population ecology is the study of factors affecting the size of a population and how...
8.2 Energy Flow Through Ecosystems
Ecosystem dynamics involve two main processes: energy flow and chemical cycling.Energy enters most ecosystems as...
8.1 Responses to Environment
Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the environment. These interactions...
7.11 Origins of Life on Earth
Two major hypothesis for life on Earth. Panspermia: Life from extraterrestrial life. Abiogenesis: Life from...
7.10 Variation in Populations
Variants that are well adapted to one environment may not be well adapted to another...
7.9 Extinction
Extinction is the loss of a group of organisms, such as a species. Levels of...
7.8 Speciation
Speciation, the origin of new species, is at the focal point of Darwin’s evolutionary theory....
7.7 Phylogeny
Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species. The discipline...
7.6 Continuing Evolution
Evolution has led to new, rapidly spreading diseases, called emerging diseases.
7.5 Evidence of Common Ancestry and Evolution
Biogeography provides information about the evolutionary history of organisms, specifically where they originated and how...
7.4 Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
When certain conditions are met, allele and genotype frequencies do not change, a state called...
7.3 Population Genetics
Natural selection acts on individuals, but only populations evolve. Genetic variations in populations contribute to...
7.2 Natural and Artificial Selection
Natural selection is the differential reproductive success of genetic variants and was independently conceived by...
7.1 Introduction to Evolution and Natural Selection
“Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution”—Theodosius Dobzhansky.
6.8 Biotechnology and Virus
A virus consists only of nucleic acid, proteins, and sometimes a membranous envelope. After infecting...
6.7 Mutations
Alterations in a DNA sequence can lead to changes in the type or amount of...
6.6 Cell Specialization and Development
Embryonic cells become committed to a certain fate (determination), and undergo differentiation, becoming specialized in...
6.5 Regulation of Gene Expression
All organisms, whether prokaryotes or eukaryotes, must regulate which genes are expressed at any given...
6.4 Translation
Translation is the synthesis of a polypeptide using the information in the mRNA. During this...
6.3 Transcription and RNA Processing
Transcription is the synthesis (production) of RNA using information in the DNA. The two nucleic...
6.2 DNA Replication
Watson and Crick’s model predicts that when a double helix replicates, each of the two...
6.1 DNA Structure
The elegant double-helical structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) shook the scientific world when it was...
5.7 Chromosomal Inheritance
Chromosomal inheritance can result in mutations that increase genetic diversity but can also cause genetic...
5.6 Environmental Effects on Phenotype
Another departure from simple Mendelian genetics arises when the phenotype for a character depends on...
5.4-5 Non-Mendelian Genetics
In the 1900s, geneticists extended Mendelian principles not only to diverse organisms, but also to...
5.3 Mendelian Genetics
Modern genetics began during the mid-1800s with a monk named Gregor Mendel, who discovered the...
5.1-2 Meiosis and Genetic Diversity
Gamete formation involves a type of cell division called meiosis. This type of cell division...
4.6 Regulation of the Cell Cycle
Levels of proteins called cyclins increase and decrease during the cell cycle. Cyclins were discovered...
4.5 The Cell Cycle
Mitosis is just one part of the cell cycle, the life of a cell from...
4.4 Feedback in Cell Communication
Negative feedback helps to maintain homeostasis. Positive feedback is self-reinforcing and amplifies responses.
4.3 Changes in Signal Transduction Pathways
Food and drugs can be sources of chemicals that act as exogenous ligands in cell...
4.2 Signal Transduction
Signal Transduction pathways differ in specific details, but have certain, unifying characteristics. All pathways follow...
4.1 Cell Communication
Cells communicate by sending and receiving chemical messengers. Cells can communicate over various distances
Statistics in Science
Dive into the essential concepts of biostatistics to bolster your exam preparation and scientific inquiry...
3.4 Photosynthesis
The conversion process that transforms the energy of sunlight into chemical energy stored in sugars...
3.3 Cellular Respiration
Respiration breaks the fuel down, using oxygen and generating ATP. The waste products of this...
3.2 Enzymes
Enzymes speed up metabolic reactions by lowering energy barriers. Each enzyme has an optimal temperature...
3.1 Cellular Energy
The totality of an organism’s chemical reactions is called metabolism. Metabolism is an emergent property...
2.7 Origin of Compartmen-talization and the Eukaryotic Cell
Membranes and membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotic cells compartmentalize intracellular metabolic processes and specific enzymatic reactions....
2.6 Water Movement: Osmosis, Tonicity, and Osmoregulation
The diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane, whether artificial or cellular, is...
2.5 Membrane Transport
Passive transport is diffusion of a substance across a membrane with no energy investment. Active...
2.4 Cell Membranes
In fluid mosaic model, the membrane is a mosaic of protein molecules bobbing in a...
2.3 Cell and Organism Size
The surface-to-volume ratio is an important parameter affecting cell size and shape.
2.2 Subcellular Components of Eukaryotes
Cells—the basic structural and functional units of every organism—are of two distinct types: prokaryotic and...
2.1 Introduction to the Cell
The cell is an organism’s basic unit of structure and function. Many forms of life...
1.5 Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids are polymers made of monomers called nucleotides. Nucleic acids store, transmit, and help...
1.4 Protein
Proteins are all constructed from the same set of 20 amino acids, linked in unbranched...
1.3 Carbohydrates and Lipids
Carbohydrates include sugars and polymers of sugars. The simplest carbohydrates are the monosaccharides, or simple...
1.2 Structure of Water and H Bonding
Water (H2O) is made up of two hydrogen atoms covalently bound to an oxygen atom....
